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Article by hi joiney
europe ancient rome insulae singular insula were large apartment buildings where the plebs lower class and equates middle class of romans dwelled the floor at ground level was used for tabernae shops and businesses higher floors were given to living space these buildings were usually six or seven stories high some were built as high as nine stories before height restrictions came into effect united kingdom the three of the crossways estate in bow london united kingdom were built in the uk after the second world war the first residential the lawn was constructed in harlow essex in 1951 it is now a grade ii listed building in many cases were seen as a quick fix to cure problems caused by crumbling and unsanitary 19th century dwellings or to replace buildings destroyed by german aerial bombing initially they were welcomed and their excellent views made them popular living places later as the buildings themselves deteriorated they grew a reputation for being undesirable low cost housing and many saw rising crime levels increasing their unpopularity one response to this was the great increase in the number of housing estates built which in turn brings its own problems in the uk particularly lost popularity after the partial collapse of ronan point in 1968 glasgow the largest city in scotland is believed to contain the highest concentration of in the uk examples include the hutchensontown c blocks in the gorbals the 20 storey blocks in sighthill and the 31 storey red road flats in the city s north east citation needed however on the whole london has the largest number of high rise residential buildings in the uk citation needed the post war british vision post war britain was the stage for a building oom from the 1950s to the late 1970s there was a dramatic increase in construction during this time local authorities desired to impress their voters by building futuristic and imposing which would signify post war progress both patrick dunleavy and lynsey hanley agree that architects and planners were influenced by le corbusier promotion of high rise architecture the modern were to include features that would foster desired forms of resident interaction an example being the inclusion of le corbusier streets in the sky in some estates as well as inspiring residents local authority planners believed that the way were constructed would save money generally the were built on cheap greenfield land skirting established cities although the property prices for these periphery sites were markedly cheaper than their inner city counterparts they often had little access to public amenities such as public transport it was thought that the implementation of industrialised building techniques would lower costs too as similar would be replicated over many sites uniform and standardised parts such as toilet fittings and door handles would be fitted throughout many planners deemed that buying in bulk would reduce overall costs another key aspect of the vision was the rutalist architectural method popular with architects and planners at the time the brutalist emphasis led to the construction of stark and striking with large sections of exposed concrete concrete was to be an integral part of the designs it could be poured on site offering boundless flexibility to the building designers to the planners concrete was a silver bullet for the construction process it was economical and as vaunted as being long lasting if not indestructible the post war british reality coleman 1985 work argues that in trying to emulate le corbusier ideas the planners only succeeded in encouraging social problems although architects and local authorities intended the opposite quickly became as hanley sharply stated lums in the sky due to demanding deadlines complicated construction practices were rushed and many experienced structural decay as a result roofs leaked concrete suffered palling steel corroded and damp penetrated the buildings unfortunately by replicating across the nation planners isastrously replicated design faults in many concrete quickly exhibited signs of decay cracks soon formed and destabilised the buildings the partial collapse of the ronan point is an infamous example of the hasty and substandard construction that occurred in a number of the towers the quickly lost their uturistic look concrete turned from the crisp white the designers had imagined to a dull grey stained by pollution poor design decisions ruined the anticipated benefits of the buildings open spaces which were supposed to benefit the residents were instead unattractive unused and inadequately supervised residents felt it was difficult to maintain the large open spaces around the blocks because they realistically belonged to no one social problems increased as the quickly degraded through poor maintenance and an insecure communal environment apart from frequent break downs communal lifts were a source of fear for people travelling alone it was a rarity to nter a clean smelling undefaced lift the many of which were located on the periphery of the city made residents feel isolated and cut off from society outsiders and newcomers were also affected they felt the overbearing design of the made them fearsome and unsociable power argues that as a direct consequence of their design and construction security problems were prevalent in many of the break ins vandalism and muggings were common which were aided by the buildings concealed areas the mazes of internal corridors and dark corners police were often required in the but their infrequent presence did little to pacify towers rife with delinquency in order to contain disruptive behaviour local authorities began to place roblem families in the same blocks hanley argues that this policy only led to urther alienation nihilism and a creeping sense of lawlessness dunleavy seconds this suggesting that the mental health of long term residents may have been detrimentally affected while local authorities and their architects intended to create that encouraged harmonious and vibrant communities often the results were far from ideal post war were compromised from the outset by a combination of faults local authorities advocated impractical architectural methods design and construction faults were frequently reproduced and there appeared to be a lack of understanding about the social consequences of certain design features collectively these oversights transformed many into undesirable places to live towards the present day in recent years some council or ex council high rises in the united kingdom including trellick tower keeling house sivill house and the barbican estate have become popular with young professionals due to their excellent views desirable locations and architectural pedigrees and now command high prices there are plans to redevelop the little london and lovell park areas on the fringes of leeds city centre into luxury flats for young urban professionals the plans entail demolishing all of the council housing and refurbishing the highrise flats this demand has lead to many councils rethinking plans regarding their demolition after a gap of around 30 years new high rise flats are once again being built in belfast birmingham cardiff glasgow leeds liverpool london manchester and newcastle but this time for wealthy professionals rather than the lower classes their developers market these properties by using the american term apartment buildings perhaps in an effort to distance these newer buildings from the older from the 1950s and 1960s these are usually taller than their older counterparts and generally built in and around these provincial city centres they are often glass and aluminum clad tonight with trevor mcdonald highlighted that in leeds and manchester perhaps the cities that had seen most development only approximately half were occupied and with owner occupation often being as low as 10 in northern ireland were never built to the frequency as they were in other cities in britain and ireland most and flat complexes are found in belfast and derry although many of these have been demolished in recent years and replaced with traditional public housing units the divis flats complex in west belfast was built in between 1968 and 1972 was demolished in the early 1990s as the residents demanded new houses due to mounting problems with the flats divis tower built separately in 1966 still stands however and in 2007 work began to convert the former british army base at the top two floors into new dwellings in the north of the city the iconic 7 towers complex in the new lodge remains although so too the problems that residents face such as poor piping and inadequate sanitation farther north the 4 in rathcoole still dominate the local skyline while in south belfast the in seymour hill also remain standing republic of ireland flats in ballymun dublin ireland are called flats in ireland most of the flats in the country are in dublin all of dublin s flat complexes were built by dublin corporation as part of dublin slum clearances and to solve the housing problem flats such as liberty house and the now demolished sheriff street flats both in north inner city dublin were built as early as the 1930s ballymun flats were built between 1966 and 1969 consisting of seven 15 storey towers nineteen 8 storey blocks and ten 4 storey blocks inner dublin flat complexs include sheriff street demolished fatima mansions demolished and redeveloped st joseph s gardens demolished replaced by killarney court flat complex st teresa s gardens dolphin house liberty house st michael s estate and o devaney gardens and a lot more mainly throughout the north and south inner city of dublin suburban flat complexs were built exclusively on the northside of the city in ballymun coolock and kilbarrack these flats were badly affected by a heroin epidemic that hit working class areas of dublin in the 1980s and early 90s over the last five years the largest cities such as dublin cork limerick and galway have witnessed new large apartment building some large towns such as navan drogheda dundalk and mullingar have also witnessed lots of modern apartments being built in lasname tallinn estonia built in 1980s eastern europe and russia see also panelk and plattenbau russia is currently undergoing a dramatic buildout growing a commercially shaped skyline russians both poor and wealthy from soviet time had conserved the impression of prestige about itself middle east these high rise apartment buildings and were built in shibam yemen in the 16th century they remain the tallest mudbrick buildings in the world egypt in roman egypt seven storey buildings existed as early as the 3rd century ad in provincial towns such as hermopolis the medieval egyptian city of fustat housed many high rise residential buildings some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people al muqaddasi in the 10th century described them as resembling minarets while nasir khusraw in the early 11th century described some of them rising up to 14 stories with roof gardens on the top storey complete with ox drawn water wheels for irrigating them in arab egypt the initial capital city was fustat it housed many high rise residential buildings some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people al muqaddasi in the 10th century described them as resembling minarets while nasir khusraw in the early 11th century described some of them rising up to 14 stories with roof gardens on the top storey complete with ox drawn water wheels for irrigating them by the 16th century cairo also had high rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants medieval yemen were built in the yemeni city of shibam in the 16th century the houses of shibam are all made out of mud bricks but about 500 of them are tower houses which rise 5 to 16 stories high with each floor having one or two apartments this technique of building was implemented in order to protect residents from bedouin attacks while shibam has existed for around 2 000 years most of the city s houses come mainly from the 16th century shibam has been called one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction or manhattan of the desert some towers were over 100 feet 30 m high thus being the tallest surviving mudbrick and apartment buildings today east asia the unpopularity of in europe is in marked contrast to many asian countries typical apartment in south korea in south korea the are called apartment complex apartment danji the first residential towers began to be built after the korean war the south korean government needed to build many apartment complexes in the cities to be able to accommodate the citizens in the 70 years since as the population increased considerably have become more common this time however the new integrated shopping malls parking system and other convenient facilities in singapore and urban hong kong land prices are so high that almost the entire population lives in high rise apartments in fact over 60 of hong kong residents live in apartments many of them condominiums tower palace in seoul south korea is the tallest apartment complex in asia americas canada in canada tower blocks are usually known as apartment buildings or apartment blocks the city of toronto contains the second largest concentration of high rise apartment buildings in north america most were built in the 1950s and 1960s to provide modern affordable housing in what was then the periphery of the city following what had become popular in many european nations notably france today many lie isolated from amenities and rapid transit corridors and a few have deteriorated into ghettos such as the jane and finch malvern st james town and jamestown regent park and lawr
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